Objective To investigate the species composition, population density distribution, and seasonal fluctuation of flies in Qingdao, China, and to provide a scientific basis for fly control. Methods Flies were monitored using the cage trap method. Fly species composition was analyzed using the chi-square test, and fly population density was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis H test. Results From 2017 to 2022, a total of 10 490 flies were caught, with a mean annual density of 12.14 flies/cage. The dominant fly populations were Sarcophagidae, Musca domestica, and Lucilia sericata, accounting for 22.73%, 17.58%, and 17.45%, respectively. The species composition of fly differed significantly in different years ( χ ²=4 863.573, P<0.001). The activity of flies spanned a long period from March to November. The seasonal peak of fly population density in different years all occurred in July, at 47.63, 32.13, 33.63, 23.00, 26.75, and 28.50 flies/cage, respectively, and there was a significant difference in the seasonal fluctuations of fly density between different years ( H=36.442, P<0.001). For different habitats, fly density was highest in farmers’ markets (15.27 flies/cage) and lowest in restaurant surroundings (7.26 flies/cage), with a significant difference in the density of each fly species between different habitats ( H=2.386, P=0.035). Among the dominant species, M. domestica had the highest density in residential areas (3.18 flies/cage), Sarcophagidae had higher densities in farmers’ markets (2.68 flies/cage), green belts (2.73 flies/cage), and residential areas (3.75 flies/cage), and L. sericata had the highest density in farmers’ markets (3.34 flies/cage). Conclusions Flies in Qingdao are mainly infested farmers’ markets and residential areas, peaking in July, and different fly species prefer different habitats. Fly seasonality, dominant species, and breeding characteristics should be considered in formulating targeted control measures to effectively reduce fly population density.

Objective To provide the basis for development of the prevention and control strategies by analysis of Japanese encephalitis (JE) epidemiological characteristics, dynamic change trend and comprehensive monitoring results in Hunan province. Methods Using descriptive epidemiological method, analysis the epidemiological characteristics of JE of Hunan province from 1951 to 2013; Analysis of the monitoring data of mosquito vectors and host animal in JE surveillance point by using SPSS 13 statistical software; ELISA assay was conducted for detection of serum JE IgG antibody in the host animals. Results From 1951 to 2013 in Hunan province, the epidemic of JE experienced rising, epidemic, stable, declining and low level periods, the incidence rate maintained at a low level; The onset time mainly concentrated in June to August. The incidence concentrated in the young age group, 0 to 14 year old age group accounted for 98.11% of cases. The cases mainly distributed in the western and southern of Hunan province. In the monitoring of cases, ones with no / unknown history of immunity accounted for 66.89%. Culex tritaeniorhynchus was the predominant species, its density and reservoir host (pig) infection and epidemic of JE were positively related. The antibody conversion rate reached 50.00% in pigs one month earlier before the onset peak in humans. Conclusion The JE epidemic in Hunan province may be controlled by improving JE vaccination coverage, strengthening the monitoring of vectors and host animals, and eliminate mosquitoes breeding habitats.

Objective To investigate the resistance ofCulex pipiens quinquefasciatusandMusca domesticato commonly used insecticides in Changsha, Yiyang, and Yueyang, Hunan province, China in 2011, and to provide a scientific guidance for the management of mosquitoes and houseflies. Methods The resistance of mosquitoes and houseflies to insecticides was determined by larval immersion and topical application, respectively. Results Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatusshowed resistance to all insecticides tested with the following resistance ratios: 1.14-2.86 fold to deltamethrin, 2.25-6.75 fold to beta-cypermethrin,1.00-17.24 fold to fenobucarb, and 25.00-65.00 fold to temephos, of which temephos resistance was the highest. Musca domesticawas also resistant to all insecticides tested in this study, with resistance ratios as follows: 36.13-109.13 fold to deltamethrin, 28.46-32.81 fold to beta-cypermethrin, 1.43-2.25 fold to DDVP, and 0.82-2.34 fold to propoxur; the resistance to chrysanthemum ester was the highest, with a peak value of 109.13 fold. Conclusion More efforts should be made to the resistance ofCx. pipiens quinquefasciatusandM. domesticato insecticides. It is necessary to enhance resistance monitoring and to use insecticides rationally, so as to prevent and reduce the development of pesticide resistance.

Objective To investigate differentiated rodent control standards based on difference between new afforestation and secondary forest in north China. Methods In each of secondary forest and new afforestation in the Manhan Mountain Forest Farm, 3 sample areas and 3 control areas were selected. In the sample areas, a three?day investigation was performed using poison bait box, followed by live trap capture for four days. Capture rate was calculated accordingly. In the control areas, community composition and quantity of rodents were investigated. Control efficacy was evaluated according to the changes in capture rate after deratization. Results Cricetulus longicaudatus was the predominant species in the new afforestation of Manhan Mountain. Apodemus speciosus was the predominant species in the secondary forest. With the use of PVC box containing type C botulinum toxin as poison bait, the population density of rats in sample areas was significantly decreased as compared with that in control areas (F＝6.46, P＜0.05). Conclusion Type C botulinum toxin shows good palatability and rodent control efficacy in the new afforestation and secondary forest, and it can be widely used in the forest region for rodent control.

Objective To determine the species of a large number of phoretic mites on the body surfaces of Muscina stabulans in Changping district of Beijing, China, and to provide a basis for scientific prevention and control measures. Methods A canopy-type fly-trapping cage was used to capture flies for 6 h; insecticide was sprayed to the cage; the cage was covered with a white plastic bag, and the bag was closed and brought back to the laboratory. Mites were collected from the body surfaces of flies and from inside the bag and then observed under a light microscope and scanning electron microscope; the mites were identified by observation and consultation with reference materials. Results Two species of mites were identified, including Macrocheles muscaedomesticae and hypopus of Anoetidae. Conclusion Vector surveillance should include monitoring of phoretic mites, so as to improve the monitoring system.

Objective To investigate the population densities of flies in Changping district of Beijing, China in 2007-2011 and to provide a basis for scientific control measures. Methods A canopy-style flytrap and commercially available fermented bean curd (as bait) were used to capture flies for 6 h. All the captured flies were brought back to the laboratory for counting and identification. Results A total of 7623 flies were captured in Changping district in 2007-2011. The population density of flies was 13.03 flies/(cage·d) in 2007, and it decreased year by year, reaching the lowest level［4.56 flies/(cage·d)］in 2011. In Changping district, the population densities of flies in different years were significantly different ( F _(4,100)＝3.07, P＝0.020). The three dominant species of flies were Helicophagella melanura, Musca domestica, and Muscina stabulans in sequence. Conclusion It is still necessary to take integrated management measures including environmental management coupled with insecticide to control the flies in Changping district of Beijing.

Objective To study the taxonomy of Piezura in Beijing. Methods Morphological taxonomy of insects and comparative morphology were employed. Results New record of Piezura shanxiensis in Beijing was discovered, with photo of this species. Conclusion The faunal of the genus Piezura in Beijing is enriched.

Objective The bioactivity of the essential oils from Mosla chinensis against Aedes albopictus was determined, and the chemical composition of the essential oils was analyzed to provide the basis for development of botanical mosquito control agents. Methods The essential oils were extracted from M. chinensis using steam distillation. The bioactivity of the essential oils against 4th instar Ae. albopictus larvae and pupae was determined using immersion tests, and the repellent activity was examined using human skin tests. The gas chromatography?mass spectrometry was employed to analyze the chemical composition of the essential oils from M. chinensis. Results （1） The 24 h LC₅₀ values for 4th instar Ae. albopictus larvae and pupae were 78.820 μg/ml and 122.656 μg/ml, respectively; （2） application of 1.5 mg/cm2 pure essential oils provided (2.330±0.167) h of complete protection time against adult mosquitoes, and 56% of the protective effects remained beyond 6 h; and （3） a total of 44 compounds were detected from the essential oils and 39 were identified, accounting for 98.67%. The main components included p?cymene (23.17%), 5-isopropyl-2-methylphenol (16.83%), thymol (14.92%), Benzene, 2-methoxy-4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl) (12.89%), eucalyptol (8.48%), caryophyllene (3.96%), α?caryophyllene (3.16%) and thymol acetate (2.71%). Conclusion The essential oils from M. chinensis had strong bioactivities on both Ae. albopictus larvae and adult mosquitoes. New natural active compounds may be found from these essential oils for development of environment?friendly mosquito control agents.

【Abstract】 Objective To evaluate common density surveillance methods of rat, mosquito, fly and cockroach. Methods Different surveillance methods were compared from the sides of monitoring species, monitoring instruments, monitoring data, monitoring areas, and monitoring styles. Results There are differences in monitoring species, monitoring instruments, data accuracy and the applicability among different methods. Conclusion The surveillance method should be chosen according to the object of monitoring and practice condition.

【Abstract】 Objective To test the bioactivity of essential oil extracted from Pogostemon cablin (Blanoa) Benth against Aedes albopictus Skuse, so as to find a new kind of mosquito repellent. Methods Essential oil was extracted from P.cablin by steam distillation. The bioassay against larvae and pupae of Ae. albopictus was carried out by immersion method. The adulticidal of P.cablin against Ae.albopictus was investigated by modified flask method. The repellent activity of pure P.cablin oil to Ae. albopictus was  assayed  by  topical  bioassay method  on  the  skin.  Results (1) P.cablin  oil  had  strong  toxicity  to  larvae  and  pupae  of Ae.albopictus. The LC50  values  of  P.cablin  oil  to Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ instar  larvae  and  pupae of  Ae.albopictus were 20, 34, 59, 60 and 187 μg/ml after treatment for 24 h, respectively. (2) The fumigation efficacy of P.cablin oil to adult Ae.albopictus was quick and efficient, and the KT50 values against Ae.albopictus were 14.692, 16.528 and 14.807 min at the dosages of 18, 36 and 54 μg/cm3, respectively. (3) The 100% protection time offered by P.cablin oil on the skin were (2.70±0.12) h, (4.40±0.10) h and (6.00±0.44) h at dosages of 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 mg/cm2, respectively. Conclusion P.cablin oil has good bioactivity to Ae.albopictus, which is a kind of potential environment?friendly mosquito?repellent.

Objective To learn about infestation condition of Cockroaches and provide scientific basis for the control in Guiyang. Methods Investigate cockroach density and infestation rate in 5-stars hotel of Guiyang collected randomly by adhesive paper. Results There were three varieties of cockroaches such as Blattella germanica, Periplaneta americana and Periplaneta fuliginasa. Of which, B.germanica was the dominant species which accounted for 97.77%. And P.americana and P.fuliginasa accounted for 1.08% and 1.15% respectively. The Cockroaches density (cockroach/paper/day) was 1.77-12.86, the average was 8.03. The density of cockroach in Chinese meal cook room, Western-style cook room, Western-style pastry and cold meat cook room were 13.84, 10.35, 8.28 and 6.27 respectively. Their infestation rate ranged from 13.19% to 100% and the infestation rate was 48.32% in these investigated units. The cockroach density and average infestation rate dropped by 88.68% and 94.97% respectively after spraying insecticides for one year in five hotels. Conclusion The stars-hotels of Guiyang city were seriously disturbed by B.germanica. It was very important to strengthen surveillance and effective control.

Objective To study the resistant development of anticoagulant rodenticide in commensal rodents. Methods Unselective feeding method was used,which was established by "Rodenticideresistance Monitoring Cooperation Group in China" in 1985. Results The rodents (155 Rattus norvegicuus,13 Rattus flavipectus and 28 Mus musculus) caught in Qingyuan and it's three county city zone of Guangzhou province were tested. The resistance rate differs from 0.65%?0 to 50.00% for Rattus norvegicus, Rattus flavipectus and Mus musculus with average taken dosages 9.82,84.92 to 453.70 mg/kg respectively. The result shows that Mus musculus have developed resistance to anticoagulant rodenticide Ⅰ and Rattus norvegicus has individual resistance. Conclusion The resistance rodenticide Ⅱ should be used in the areas Mus musculus more than others. The anticoagulant rodenticide Ⅰ can be still used but should be used scientifically and properly with careful tests of sensitivity.